Vietnamese Alphabet

Complete guide to Vietnamese letters, vowels, consonants & tone marks

The Alphabet (29 Letters)

A a
/a/
an (eat)
Ă ă
/á/
ăn (eat)
 â
/ớ/
ấm (warm)
B b
/bờ/
ba (three)
C c
/cờ/
cá (fish)
D d
/dờ/
da (skin)
Đ đ
/đờ/
đi (go)
E e
/e/
em (younger sibling)
Ê ê
/ê/
êm (soft)
G g
/gờ/
gà (chicken)
H h
/hờ/
hoa (flower)
I i
/i/
ít (few)
K k
/cờ/
kem (ice cream)
L l
/lờ/
lá (leaf)
M m
/mờ/
mẹ (mother)
N n
/nờ/
nước (water)
O o
/o/
ông (grandfather)
Ô ô
/ô/
ổi (guava)
Ơ ơ
/ơ/
ớt (chili)
P p
/pờ/
phở (pho)
Q q
/cu/
quả (fruit)
R r
/rờ/
rau (vegetable)
S s
/sờ/
sách (book)
T t
/tờ/
tay (hand)
U u
/u/
ủ (ferment)
Ư ư
/ư/
ưa (like)
V v
/vờ/
vui (happy)
X x
/xờ/
xe (vehicle)
Y y
/i/
yêu (love)

Vowels (Nguyên âm)

Single Vowels

LetterNameIPAExampleMeaning
aa/aː/bathree
ă/a/ăneat
ââ/ə/ấmwarm
ee/ɛ/emyounger sibling
êê/e/be fascinated
ii/i/ítfew
oo/ɔ/conchild
ôô/o/ổiguava
ơơ/əː/ớtchili
uu/u/muabuy
ưư/ɨ/ưalike
yy/i/yêulove

Double Vowels (Diphthongs)

LetterIPAExampleMeaning
ai/aːj/haitwo
ao/aːw/caotall
au/aw/sauafter
ay/aj/hayinteresting
eo/ɛw/keocandy
êu/ew/kêucall
ia/iə/chiashare
/iə/biếtknow
iu/iw/dịugentle
oa/waː/hoaflower
oe/wɛ/khoeshow off
oi/ɔj/bồiwaiter
oo/ɔː/xoongpot
ơi/əːj/ơihey
ua/uə/muabuy
/ue/huếHue (city)
ui/uj/vuihappy
uo/uə/muốnwant
/uə/buổisession
ươ/ɨə/nướcwater
ưa/ɨə/ưalike
ưi/ɨj/gửisend
ưu/ɨw/lưusave

Consonants (Phụ âm)

Single Consonants

LetterNameIPAExampleMeaning
b/ɓ/bàntable
c/k/fish
d/z/ (N) /j/ (S)dễeasy
đđê/ɗ/đẹpbeautiful
ggiê/ɣ/gầnnear
hhát/h/họcstudy
kca/k/kểtell
le-lờ/l/làmdo/make
mem-mờ/m/mắteye
nen-nờ/n/nămfive/year
p/p/pinbattery
qquy/k/quapast
re-rờ/ʐ/ (N) /ɹ/ (S)rấtvery
sét-xì/s/ (N) /ʂ/ (S)saostar/why
t/t/tốtgood
v/v/and
xích-xì/s/xinplease

Compound Consonants

LetterIPAExampleMeaning
ch/tɕ/chafather
gh/ɣ/ghếchair
gi/z/ (N) /j/ (S)giáprice
kh/x/khôngno/not
ng/ŋ/ngondelicious
ngh/ŋ/nghềprofession
nh/ɲ/nhàhouse
ph/f/phởpho (noodle soup)
qu/kw/quêhometown
th/tʰ/thíchlike
tr/tɕ/ (N) /ʈɽ/ (S)trờisky

Tone Marks (Dấu thanh)

ma
Ngang (Level)
ghost

Mid-level, no mark. Voice stays flat at a middle pitch.

\
Huyền (Falling)
but

Low falling. Voice starts low and drops further.

/
Sắc (Rising)
mother/cheek

High rising. Voice rises sharply from mid to high.

mả?
Hỏi (Dipping-rising)
grave/tomb

Mid dipping then rising. Voice dips down then comes back up.

~
Ngã (Rising glottalized)
horse/code

High broken rising. Voice rises with a glottal break in the middle.

mạ.
Nặng (Low falling)
rice seedling

Low dropping. Voice drops sharply and is cut short.

Numbers 0–10

0
không
không có (don't have)
1
một
một người (one person)
2
hai
hai ngày (two days)
3
ba
ba cái (three things)
4
bốn
bốn mùa (four seasons)
5
năm
năm giờ (five o'clock)
6
sáu
sáu tháng (six months)
7
bảy
bảy tuần (seven weeks)
8
tám
tám bài (eight lessons)
9
chín
chín điểm (nine points)
10
mười
mười phút (ten minutes)